Understanding Blood Pressure: High vs. Low

Blood pressure is a vital sign that reveals how efficiently your heart pumps blood throughout your body. It is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is expressed as two numbers: systolic (the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats) over diastolic (the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats).

What is Normal Blood Pressure?

A normal blood pressure reading is generally considered to be around 120/80 mmHg. This means a systolic pressure of 120 and a diastolic pressure of 80. Maintaining blood pressure within this range is crucial for overall health. Readings above this range may indicate high blood pressure (hypertension), while readings below can signify low blood pressure (hypotension).

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

What is High Blood Pressure?

High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. It is often referred to as a "silent killer" because it typically has no symptoms, yet it can lead to severe health issues, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.

Causes of High Blood Pressure

1. Genetics: A family history of hypertension increases your risk.

2. Diet: High salt intake, excessive consumption of processed foods, and a diet rich in saturated fats can contribute to hypertension.

3. Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can lead to weight gain, which increases hypertension risk.

4. Obesity: Excess weight puts additional strain on the heart, contributing to high blood pressure.

5. Age: Blood vessels naturally stiffen with age, which can elevate blood pressure.

6. Stress: Chronic stress may lead to temporary spikes in blood pressure and can foster unhealthy habits that increase risk.

7. Alcohol and Tobacco Use: Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can elevate blood pressure.

8. Chronic Conditions: Conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

Many individuals with hypertension may not experience symptoms, but some may notice headaches, shortness of breath, or nosebleeds. These symptoms, however, are typically associated with severe hypertension and are not common.

Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)

What is Low Blood Pressure?

Low blood pressure, or hypotension, occurs when blood pressure readings fall below 90/60 mmHg. Although it is generally less common and often less dangerous than high blood pressure, hypotension can still lead to complications, particularly if it results in inadequate blood flow to vital organs.

Causes of Low Blood Pressure

1. Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake can lead to decreased blood volume and lower blood pressure.

2. Heart Issues: Conditions affecting heart function, such as bradycardia, heart valve problems, or heart attack, can cause hypotension.

3. Endocrine Problems: Disorders of the adrenal glands, like Addison's disease, can lead to low blood pressure.

4. Severe Infection (Septic Shock): An infection that enters the bloodstream can cause inflammation and a sudden drop in blood pressure.

5. Blood Loss: Significant blood loss, whether from an injury or internal bleeding, can lower blood volume and lead to hypotension.

6. Nutritional Deficiencies: A lack of essential nutrients, particularly vitamins B12 and folate, can prevent the body from producing enough red blood cells, resulting in low blood pressure.

7. Medications: Certain medications, including diuretics, beta-blockers, and some antidepressants, can lower blood pressure.

8. Postural Changes: Some people experience orthostatic hypotension, a drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying position.

Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure

Common symptoms of hypotension include dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, nausea, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to shock, a life-threatening condition.

Conclusion

Understanding blood pressure dynamics is essential for maintaining good health. Both high and low blood pressure can significantly impact your wellbeing, and recognising the causes and symptoms can help you take proactive steps toward managing your health. If you suspect you have high or low blood pressure, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment options. Regular monitoring, a balanced diet, physical activity, and stress management play vital roles in maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. Remember, prevention is always better than treatment!